Vývoj financování školství, vědy a výzkumu a zdravotnictví v České republice, Dánsku, Lotyšsku a Německu v letech 1999–2023

The diploma thesis focuses on a comparative analysis of the development of public funding in three key sectors — education, science and research, and healthcare — in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Latvia, and Germany over the period 1999–2023. The main objective is to evaluate how the level of public expenditure differs among the countries and how it relates to the achieved quality indicators. The theoretical part describes the institutional framework and financing mechanisms of the examined sectors. The analytical part focuses on the evolution of expenditure as a share of GDP and examines the relationship between funding levels and qualitative outcomes, such as PISA test results, publication activity, or life expectancy. The analysis shows that countries with higher and stable expenditure shares of GDP, such as Denmark and Germany, achieve better results in all examined areas. The Czech Republic demonstrates a gradual improvement, while Latvia records significant progress from a lower base. The findings confirm a positive link between public investment levels and the quality of outcomes in education, research, and healthcare.