Analýza vybraných socioekonomických ukazatelů mužů a žen v zemích V4

This thesis compares selected socio-economic indicators in the Visegrad Four countries. These indicators include tertiary education, the unemployment rate by level of education, long-term unemployment, the gender pay gap, the share of women in governments, care as a reason for labor market inactivity, total fertility rate, material and social deprivation, life expectancy at birth, and healthy life expectancy. Poland has the highest share of university-educated people, with women outperforming men in this regard in all monitored countries. Individuals with only primary education are most at risk of unemployment, particularly in Slovakia, where this issue affects 40 % of the population in that category. The number of long-term unemployed in the V4 countries is decreasing, most significantly in Poland, by an average of 13.66 % annually. The Czech Republic exhibits the highest gender pay gap, reaching 18.0 % in 2023, in contrast, Poland shows the lowest differences (7.8 %). The share of women in national parliaments and governments is growing on average in all V4 countries, but Hungary lags significantly behind, in 2024, women made up only 14.60 % of representatives, while in Poland it was 29.10 %. In Poland, the highest number of people do not work due to caregiving reasons (up to 1 % in 2024), while other countries reached values around 0.3 %. In all monitored countries, it is primarily women who do not work for these reasons, while men are significantly less affected. Total fertility is below the replacement level in all countries, remaining below 1.6 in 2023. The lowest share of the population suffering from material and social deprivation (2.3 %) was found in Poland in 2024, with the highest in Hungary (9.3 %). In all countries, women are more at risk of deprivation than men. Life expectancy at birth is slightly increasing on average, reaching 80–83 years for women and approximately 73–77 years for men. Healthy life expectancy is increasing in all V4 countries except for Czechia, where it falls by an average of 0.17 % annually. This indicator grows most significantly in Hungary (by 0.56 % per year). Again, women live more years in good health than men.