This dissertation aims to examine the impact of EU energy policies on the integration and convergence of natural gas markets between 2018-2024. The study tests hypotheses about the high degree of gas market integration in the EU, the weakening of the link between gas and oil prices, the importance of gas market-specific fundamental factors, the deepening of integration over time despite regional differences, the temporary disruption of the integration process during crises, and the interconnecte... zobrazit celý abstraktThis dissertation aims to examine the impact of EU energy policies on the integration and convergence of natural gas markets between 2018-2024. The study tests hypotheses about the high degree of gas market integration in the EU, the weakening of the link between gas and oil prices, the importance of gas market-specific fundamental factors, the deepening of integration over time despite regional differences, the temporary disruption of the integration process during crises, and the interconnectedness of gas, electricity, and emission allowance markets. To verify these hypotheses, econometric methods such as cointegration tests, Granger causality, error correction models, impulse response analysis, and structural break tests were employed. The results confirmed the high level of gas market integration in the EU and the success of liberalization policies in fostering price convergence. Cointegration analysis revealed long-term equilibrium relationships between gas prices at key European hubs (TTF, THE) and also between gas, electricity, and emission prices, indicating the interconnectedness of these markets. Granger causality demonstrated the growing influence of LNG hubs (PVB, PEG) on other national markets following the 2021-2022 gas crisis, highlighting the importance of diversification and market flexibility. The application of Williamson's new institutional economics framework allowed for a deeper understanding of the interaction between formal and informal institutions, governance structures, and market behavior in shaping integration processes. The findings contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of gas market integration in the EU and provide empirical evidence on the benefits and limitations of liberalization policies. They point to the need for flexible adaptation of the regulatory framework, investments in interconnected infrastructure, and harmonization of rules. At the same time, the study identifies persistent challenges in the form of regional differences in liquidity, infrastructure, and regulation, as well as political and economic barriers to the full integration of the single gas market. These insights can serve as a basis for further shaping EU energy policies to deepen market integration, enhance market resilience, and support the transition to low-carbon gases. |