Vývoj energetické politiky v Německu v posledních dekádách a možná poučení pro přípravu energetické politiky v ČR

The dissertation thesis deals with analysis and synthesis of selected national economic aspects of the German energy policy Energiewende in the period 2000 – 2018, the analysis of its formulation and development using the theory of public choice and the application of the research conclusions to the design of the energy policy of the Czech Republic. The assumption is confirmed that the Enegiewende, based on the one-sided and dominant and almost exclusively subsidy-induced construction of variable renewable sources, while simultaneously closing nuclear and coal sources, represents an imbalance between the strategic goals of energy policy in favor of environmental sustainability at the expense of security and competitiveness. Energiewende also represents an uncoordinated departure from the liberalization of the energy market associated with inefficient resource allocations and distortions, including significant and complex interventions in property rights and the investment environment, and further politicization of energy and the creation of a vertically and horizontally developed system of rent-seeking. The analysis shows that, in addition to fulfilling the goal of the development of RES in power generation, the effectiveness of the Energiewende in achieving the set static and partly competing quantitative goals is limited. A fundamental negative impact is the increase in final electricity prices, especially the regulated component of the electricity price, which reached > 80% of the final price in Germany as a result of the financing of the RES support mechanism and RES induced costs, but also as a result of the closure of nuclear power plants and thus a shift in the supply curve leading to an increase in the price of power electricity, which reduces the opposite effect of RES. A significant effect of the adoption of the RES Support Act (EEG), which caused the highest electricity prices for households, or some of the highest prices for industry within the EU. The analysis also shows the limited benefit or negative balance of subsidies on the labor market and export performance of Germany in the given area, i.e. the limited potential of the Energiewende as a pro-industrial policy. The development of RES without taking into account the system costs, in combination with the closure of stable and secured sources, leads to an increase in the costs of ensuring the operation of the electricity system and reducing its resistance, and moving the provision of generation adequacy outside the market (capacity mechanisms), i.e. to other allocation inefficiencies. Due to the integration of electrification systems and the Energiewende market, it also induces negative impacts on neighboring countries, including the Czech Republic. A key role in the creation and development of the Energiewende, including the slowing down of its reforms as well, is played by a special interest group representing the RES sector, which, based on economic motivation with the aim of extracting rent and at the same time an ideological stance on the supply side of regulation, gained more and more influence and political support from parliamentary political parties. After 2010 at the latest, the originally underestimated RES interest group gained a dominant influence in shaping energy policy, and at the same time it succeeds in making the Energiewende and the development goals of RES into a normative mainstream. The energy policies of the Czech Republic and Germany are at odds, both at the conceptual level and in implementation at the national and EU level. Finally, recommendations for Czech energy policy are proposed.