The role of NGOs in the advocacy of human rights in Afghanistan and Pakistan

Against the backdrop of complex socio-political landscapes and the recent Taliban takeover in Afghanistan, the study aims to analyse the roles of NGOs across educational, healthcare, and women-focused sectors. Employing a systematic review and qualitative content analysis approach, the study synthesizes data from 32 relevant studies published between 2001 and 2023. The analysis identifies distinct patterns and challenges faced by NGOs, revealing their critical role in addressing educational gaps, promoting healthcare, and advocating for women's rights. The findings of the study reveal that NGOs have played pivotal roles in addressing educational disparities, promoting healthcare accessibility, and advocating for women's rights. Educational interventions have been instrumental in bridging gaps in formal education systems, particularly in the aftermath of conflict. Healthcare initiatives by NGOs contribute significantly to public health and sustainable development, with diverse challenges faced in conflict zones. Women-focused interventions have been crucial in addressing gender inequalities, with NGOs employing multifaceted approaches to empower women despite persistent challenges. The impact of NGO interventions on human rights in Afghanistan and Pakistan is evident across various sectors. However, challenges such as security risks, cultural resistance, and political complexities persist, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches. Moreover, the study highlights the dynamic nature of the human rights landscape, particularly in the context of recent geopolitical shifts, such as the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan. In conclusion, the study underscores the varied roles and challenges faced by NGOs across sectors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the dynamic landscape in which NGOs operate, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches to address sector-specific challenges. Despite positive outcomes in education, healthcare, and women-focused initiatives, challenges such as security risks and political complexities persist. The study concludes with recommendations for future research, urging a focus on the sustainability of NGO interventions, understanding local perceptions, and navigating evolving political contexts. These insights can inform policies and interventions to enhance the effectiveness of NGOs in promoting human rights in complex and dynamic settings.