Impacts of deep-seabed mining of polymetallic nodules on the supply of critical minerals necessary for electric vehicle batteries

In recent years, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and their critical minerals, whose supply is at risk for disruption, has increased following the boom in the electric vehicle industry. However, as an alternative to terrestrial ores, polymetallic nodules (PMNs) have attracted attention due to their high metallic content. Critical knowledge in terms of understanding the potential of these nodules to alleviate the supply risks of LIB minerals is needed to evaluate the impacts of relying on these resources as a long-term solution to mitigate risks. In this regard, the thesis conducts a systematic review of previous literature. Eleven studies were included in the review and four themes emerged under which PMNs can serve as an alternative resource to mitigate the risks: economic viability, technological advancements, ethical considerations, and legal and regulatory frameworks. Most importantly, the study emphasizes the need for future research into the socio-economic aspects of PMNs to guarantee a sustainable management of these resources.