Just War Theory – case study Operation Cast Lead

This thesis examines Israel's Operation Cast Lead (2008–2009) against Hamas through the lens of Just War Theory, focusing on the principles of jus ad bellum and jus in bello. By evaluating the operation's adherence to the criteria of just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, last resort, and probability of success, the research assesses the legitimacy of initiating the conflict. Furthermore, the study applies the principles of jus in bello—distinction, proportionality, military necessity and all feasible precautions — to analyze Israel's conduct during the operation. Using a traditional framework grounded in Michael Walzer's interpretation of Just War Theory, this research identifies ethical tensions and practical challenges in applying these principles to modern asymmetrical warfare. The findings reveal a mixed adherence to Just War Theory: while certain defensive motives align with jus ad bellum principles, significant ethical and legal violations emerged in the operational conduct. This study contributes to broader debates on the applicability and limitations of ethical frameworks in contemporary conflicts.