Urban Security in Latin America: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches to Urban Violence

The aim of this thesis is to examine how structural violence and social inequalities shape the effectiveness of security strategies in Latin American cities. Using a comparative analysis of Medellín, Rio de Janeiro, and San Salvador, the study draws on the concept of structural violence to explain how selective state presence and deep social disparities influence urban violence and community perceptions of security policies. The analysis of five research categories shows that Medellín has improved its security through long-term social and urban interventions, whereas Rio de Janeiro faces the limitations of a hybrid model marked by weak institutional coordination and strong parallel power of armed groups. San Salvador applies a highly repressive security policy implemented under an extended state of exception, which reduces crime but generates serious risks for human rights and long-term stability. The thesis concludes that sustainable urban security requires strengthening institutional legitimacy and enhancing the state’s capacity to address manifestations of structural inequality.