Nerovnost výše starobních důchodů mužů a žen v České republice v roce 2017

A difference as for the pensions of females and males is a vibrant topic across the EU countries and is also finally getting enough attention in the Czech Republic. The aim of this diploma thesis is to propound measures and solutions by which such difference could become eliminated. The first part of this diploma thesis shall summarize the theoretical knowledge of pension systems, the characteristics and classification thereof. This chapter shall pursue the description of the pension system in the Czech Republic, its structure, identifies the particular benefits of pension insurance and describes the method of calculation of the benefits and the particular parameters being entered within the determination of the total amount of pensions. A gender issue as such is being an important society-wide topic and it shall be introduced even within the context of the pension system. The analysis of causes performed in the practical part of this diploma thesis shall demonstrate that the gender inequality between males and females as for the pensions arises on a long-term basis and on the basis of existing inequality on the labour market and in the society and is also an immediate consequence of the set pension system. The first part shall introduce the particular causes on the respective social levels and the second part shall bring the fundamental statistical comparison of females and males, also from the point of view of employment, level of wages and benefits and subsequently the statistical comparison of the fundamental indicators of pension system with the aim to map the situation, identify and quantify the extent of the differences in the level of benefits, the elemental causes of which are noticeable difference in the remuneration of females and males on the labour market, which forms 2/3 of such difference, and as for the second cause, the lower pension age of female and thus shorter period of insurance causing the 1/3 of the difference, which shall be gradually eliminated by the on-going unification of the pension age of females and males. The difference is getting greater with the number of children to be raised by females; however there are several reasons, more problematic return to the labour market, lower remuneration due to lower flexibility etc., particularly the shorter period of insurance and the lower assessment base even though the parental care shall be recognized for the substitute insurance period. Considering the causes of difference being more or less set outside of the pension system, the solutions cannot be designed to reduce the causes, however they may only limit the consequences thereof. The listing of theoretical possibilities shall not be limited only to the area of pension insurance, but in general shall include the possibilities of increase of income of females of old age through pension insurance, insurance schemes, non-insurance social benefits or premiums.