Intertemporální rozhodování spotřebitelů: aplikace na vybrané skupiny obyvatel ve vztahu k chudobě

The research in this dissertation focuses on intertemporal decision-making in relation to closely defined groups of individuals. These are, for example, individuals in different age or educational groups, drug users, slot machine players, but especially individuals living below the income poverty line or individuals with hyperactive behaviour (i.e. the hyperactivity disorder). In addition to intertemporal decision making, the dissertation also deals with the aversion to loss, determining the different intertemporal behaviour of individuals. The work aims to specify the risks of poverty, especially in terms of various discounting, hyperactivity of individuals, or aversion to loss. More than 600 respondents took part in the research and were subjected to an extensive questionnaire survey. Using four-field tables, the dissertation provides analyses and calculations of relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) for a total of 34 hypotheses. The most fundamental conclusions of the research may be considered, for example as follows: Individuals living below the income poverty line have higher impatience (OR = 1.88 - 3.07; p = 0.0000); have a higher incidence of individuals with hyperactivity disorder (OR = 1.58; p = 0.0202); have a higher incidence of individuals without aversion to loss (OR = 2.22; p = 0.0034); they prefer more often the purchase of more expensive goods financed by loans (OR = 2.78; p = 0.000); they more often have no savings (OR = 7.17; p = 0.0000); they do not have a financial reserve to cover three-month household expenditures (OR = 4.94; p = 0.0000); slot players (OR = 3.96; p = 0.0000) or even drug users (OR = 1.81; p = 0.0027) are more common among them; and they have a higher incidence of individuals with a negative attitude to life (OR = 2.80; p = 0.0041). Due to the large scope of analyses, further results are summarised in the conclusion. In the last chapter, simulations of consumption and savings for different representations of socio-economic groups in the population are performed using calculated subjective discount rates for these groups. Simulations show how some factors affect the smoothing of consumption or the high debt of individuals, but especially that the level of interest rates does not play a crucial role in intertemporal decisions about consumption, household debt, or savings. In particular, the expectations of future income, which were added to the simulations using an extended two-period model, have a higher weight.