Ochrana lidských práv v kyberprostoru: Právní rámec, výzvy a limity mezinárodního práva

This bachelor’s thesis focuses on the protection of human rights in cyberspace and on the analysis of the limitations faced by the current international legal framework in the digital environment. The aim of the thesis is to assess the extent to which international law provides effective protection of human rights in cyberspace and to identify the main limitations that weaken this protection. The thesis is based on the assumption that traditional legal instruments encounter challenges arising from the specific characteristics of cyberspace, such as its cross-border nature, technological complexity, and the growing influence of non-state actors. The thesis is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter addresses the theoretical foundations, defines cyberspace as a specific socio-technical environment, and analyses its structure through a layered model. It also introduces the key actors and examines the transformation of the traditional concept of state sovereignty in the digital age. The second chapter focuses on identifying the main limitations of the application of international law in cyberspace, particularly in the areas of jurisdiction, legal enforcement, and attribution of responsibility. The third chapter applies these findings to a case study of the European Court of Human Rights decision in Big Brother Watch v. United Kingdom, which allows for an analysis of the practical implications of these limitations in the context of mass surveillance. The results of the thesis show that although international law provides a fundamental normative framework for the protection of human rights, its effective application in cyberspace is significantly constrained. The identified limitations highlight the tension between the traditional state-centric model of law and the reality of the digital environment. The thesis thus provides a comprehensive perspective on the current challenges of human rights protection in cyberspace and contributes to a better understanding of how technological developments are reshaping the possibilities of legal protection.